Level 5 · Science S5.5

Bonding and structure

The way atoms share or pass on electrons sets the shape and properties of every substance.

Planned. This book is not written yet. Below is its plan, which a teacher can already use.

You are ready for this book if

You can draw dot and cross diagrams for sodium chloride and water.

The plan

  1. S5.5.1 Orbitals and electron configuration
    • Write electron configurations using s, p, d and f subshells
    • Explain trends in first ionisation energy across a period
  2. S5.5.2 Ionic and metallic bonding
    • Explain the properties of ionic and metallic lattices
    • Relate the charge and size of ions to melting point
  3. S5.5.3 Covalent and dative bonds
    • Draw dot and cross diagrams that include dative bonds
    • Explain sigma and pi bonds and bond enthalpy
  4. S5.5.4 Shapes of molecules
    • Predict shapes and bond angles using electron pair repulsion
    • Explain how lone pairs reduce bond angles
  5. S5.5.5 Electronegativity and polarity
    • Explain bond polarity using electronegativity
    • Decide whether a molecule is polar from its shape
  6. S5.5.6 Forces between molecules
    • Compare London forces, dipole forces and hydrogen bonds
    • Explain why water boils far higher than hydrogen sulfide
  7. S5.5.7 Giant structures
    • Compare diamond, graphite, graphene and silicon dioxide
    • Predict properties from the type of structure
  8. S5.5.8 Gases and the ideal gas equation
    • Use pV equals nRT in calculations
    • Explain when real gases differ from ideal gases

For parents and teachers

Level 5 fits learners who can already: read a textbook. use functions and graphs. In many schools that is about 17 to 20, but start wherever the learner is.

Strand: Matter. Written and drawn by attnom. Free to read, print and share.